References
Lower face and lifting treatments

Abstract
Lower face age changes are hugely impactful on the overall ageing concerns presented by patients, and lower face-lifting treatments form an integral part of the rejuvenation and beautification of the face, as part of a comprehensive treatment plan. It is essential that the clinician possesses a deeper understanding of facial anatomy in this region, to allow a more holistic, rather than isolated, approach to rejuvenation and reduce complication risks and downtime. A combination of dermal filler and neuromodulators can be used in the lower face to produce effective, long-lasting and natural facial rejuvenation results.
Using the horizontal thirds concept to divide the face, the lower face refers to the area from the subnasale to the menton (Jeong et al, 2020). This area often shows the most undesirable ageing signs, such as deep oral commissures, loss of definition of the mandibular arch and pronounced platysmal bands. Further division into the facial aesthetic units can be defined, such as the upper and lower lip unit, the buccal and lateral cheek units and the mental unit (Jeong et al, 2020). To assist with the understanding the relation between the lower face and neck and a more global approach to rejuvenation, the authors have also chosen to discuss treatments used to lift the neck and treatment of the platysmal muscles.
There are four fat compartments in the mandibular region: the superior and inferior mandibular fat compartments, the submandibular fat compartment and another, which covers the parotid-masseteric fascia (Braz et al, 2015; Braz and de Paula Eduardo, 2020). Further to this, the mental, submental fat pads, as well as the lower extension of the buccal fat pad, are important in this region.
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