References

Bowe WP, Logan AC Acne vulgaris, probiotics and the gut-brain-skin axis - back to the future?. Gut Pathogens. 2011; 3:(1) https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-4749-3-1

Gether L, Overgaard LK, Egeberg A, Thyssen JP Incidence and prevalence of rosacea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol. 2018; 179:(2)282-9 https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16481

Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EMS Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014; 174:(3)357-68 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13018

Gracia CR, Freeman EW Onset of the Menopause Transition: The Earliest Signs and Symptoms. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2018; 45:(4)585-97 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogc.2018.07.002

O'Mahony L, Akdis M, Akdis CA Regulation of the immune response and inflammation by histamine and histamine receptors. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011; 128:(6)1153-62 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2011.06.051

Palma L, Marques LT, Bujan J, Rodrigues LM Dietary water affects human skin hydration and biomechanics. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 2015; 8 https://doi.org/10.2147/CCID.S86822

Pullar JM, Carr AC, Vissers MCM The Roles of Vitamin C in Skin Health. Nutrients. 2017; 9:(8) https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080866

Sator PG, Schmidt JB, Sator MO The influence of hormone replacement therapy on skin ageing: a pilot study. Maturitas. 2001; 39:(1)43-55 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5122(00)00225-5

Sinha S, Lin G, Ferenczi K The skin microbiome and the gut-skin axis. Clinics in Dermatology. 2021; 39:(5)829-39 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2021.08.021

Surjana D, Halliday GM, Martin AJ Oral nicotinamide reduces actinic keratoses in phase II double-blinded randomized controlled trials. J Invest Dermatol. 2012; 132:(5)1497-500 https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2011.459

Sweity S, Finlay A, Lees C SleepSure: a pilot randomized-controlled trial to assess the effects of eye masks and earplugs on the quality of sleep for patients in hospital. Clinical Rehabilitation. 2018; 33 https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215518806041

Verdier-Sévrain S, Bonté F Skin hydration: a review on its molecular mechanisms. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2007; 6:(2)75-82 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1473-2165.2007.00300.x

Wilkinson HN, Hardman MJ A role for estrogen in skin ageing and dermal biomechanics. Mech Ageing Dev. 2021; 197 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2021.111513

You T, Nicklas BJ Effects of exercise on adipokines and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Diab Rep. 2008; 8:(1)7-11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-008-0003-4

Women’s Health

Multimodal treatment of skin during hormonal changes

02 January 2025
Clinical
02 January 2025
Volume 14 · Issue 1

Abstract

Treatment planning can be difficult. We have a finite number of resources compared to an often seemingly infinite number of issues which our patient may present with. Skin health is not a one size fits all approach and therefore we need to review patients holistically and understand the physiology beyond ‘skin deep’. During hormonal changes, symptoms such as hot flushes, night sweats, itching, dryness and anxiety are commonly reported and are interlinked with gut health, stress, and sleep issues. This paper explores the multimodal treatment of skin during menopause, examining the physiological changes and related interventions to maintain skin health.

Oestrogen plays a critical role in maintaining skin thickness and elasticity by promoting the production of collagen and elastin. As oestrogen levels decline during menopause, the epidermis and dermis become thinner, resulting in reduced collagen and elastin levels. This leads to a loss of skin elasticity and firmness. Or as Wilkinson et al (2021) stated, oestrogen deficiency results in significant thinning of the epidermis and dermis, and a reduction in collagen and elastin, which contributes to the appearance of wrinkles and sagging skin. Additionally, the decrease in oestrogen affects the skin's hydration levels, exacerbating dryness and making the skin more prone to damage from environmental factors like UV radiation, leading to conditions such as solar elastosis.

These are common symptoms of menopause caused by hormonal fluctuations affecting the functioning of the hypothalamus. Hot flushes are experienced by up to 75% of perimenopausal women and are linked to oestrogen withdrawal (Freeman, 2018).

Register now to continue reading

Thank you for visiting Journal of Aesthetic Nurses and reading some of our peer-reviewed resources for aesthetic nurses. To read more, please register today. You’ll enjoy the following great benefits:

What's included

  • Limited access to clinical or professional articles

  • New content and clinical newsletter updates each month

Register
Or continue by

Signing in with your registered email address

Multimodal treatment
skin health
hormones
menopause